Themes Of Love And Freedom In World Literature - 837 Words

Love and freedom! Where do Love and Freedom show up in the same place? They come together as themes in World Literature. World Literature is the diverse variety of genres in books that have been spread worldwide and have become well known. It is important to know about these two themes to share and understand everyones unique perspectives. The large collection of striking viewpoints creates many diverse and intriguing themes. Two of the biggest themes that can be found in books are Love and Freedom. The theme Love, has many different variations such as fake love, necessary love, lost love, and etc. Love is generally described as a feeling of affection towards someone or something. This can differ from book to book. Freedom is another†¦show more content†¦The theme of Love fits into World Literature because of how it is shown throughout all different types of books. Another theme that is in World Literature is Freedom. This theme comes up in both â€Å"Night† and â€Å"A Doll’s House† in different ways. In â€Å"Night†, Eliezer is rescued from the malicious Germans by American forces. This is called literal freedom, because Eliezer is freed from the main struggle physically, but will never be able to recover/escape mentally. In the book, â€Å"A Doll’s House†, Nora is released from her â€Å"fake† marriage with Torvald since she is no longer treated like she is under him, let alone feel like she is trapped in a relationship with him. This is called emotional freedom, because she was originally trapped in the state of mind that she was only a household wife, until she was, finally, able to be free of that mind set. Each book helps depict how the theme, Freedom, fits into World Literature, even though many diverse books have the theme in a different way. â€Å"Old Yeller† by Fred Gibson shows the themes of Love and Freedom. Each book is different than one another, whether it is distinct, from the rest of the books, by storyline, genre, details, etc. Yet, in each book, Freedom and Love both come up. In â€Å"Old Yeller† the theme of Love is shown by how Travis, the protagonist, and Old Yeller care for and watch over each other. Love can be seen when Travis suspects that Old Yeller has rabies and has to kill his loyalShow MoreRelatedThe Romantic Victorians Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary work of the Romantic era because of the various themes that compose it. The â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in the Victorian era is a poem that can portray the society that shaped the era. Both poems share the theme isolation because the main characters in the poem are isolated from others. The Romantics era lasted from the year 1798 to the year 1834 and is an era full of changes. In this era the artists had freedom to express what they felt through their arts of work. 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Lord of the Flies and Psychology Free Essays

William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, narrates the story of a group of English boys as they struggle to survive on an uncharted, uninhabited island. The boy’s airplane crashes into the island and kills any adults on board — leaving the boys to fend for themselves. Ralph and Piggy meet each other first and, upon Piggy’s counsel, Ralph decides to call a meeting of all the boys by blowing on a conch shell. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies and Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The boys quickly begin to form a society in which they elect Ralph as their leader. A boy called Jack quietly disagrees and believes that he should lead the group. As times passes, Jack and his choir become hunters for the rest of the boys and they begin to enjoy the ways of a predator. As Jack grows more savage, he becomes unhappy with the way that Ralph leads the boys and decides that he will go to the other side of the island and start his own tribe. Boys slowly begin to leave Ralph to join Jack. The boys become so savage that they kill two boys and they plan to kill Ralph. Just as Jack has cornered Ralph, a naval officer appears and rescues them all. Golding depicts not only the struggle of the boys to survive, but also the psychological reasoning that leads the boys to abandon the civilized nature that they know. Through characterization and setting Golding creates in his novel, an ideal forum for validating psychological principles introduced by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist who pioneered the thought that the mind contains three different levels, the id, the ego, and the superego. The id bases itself on the pleasure principle; it meets basic needs. The id wants a quick satiation of needs and has no consideration for the reality of a situation. The ego bases itself on the reality principle, it understands that other people have needs and desires and that impulsiveness or selfishness can cause harm in the future. The ego meets the needs of the id, while taking the reality of the situation into consideration. The Superego develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on a child by influential adults in their lives. One could compare the superego to the conscience, as it dictates belief of right and wrong. Golding acknowledges these different states of consciousness within his novel by using characters to represent each one. For instance, Jack represents the id. Jack never takes into consideration the best thing for the group or himself in the long run and he holds himself accountable to no set of rules or any code of ethics. â€Å"Bollocks to the rules! We’re strong – we hunt! If there’s a beast, we’ll hunt it down! We’ll close in and beat and beat and beat† (91). Jack addresses the issue of a beast believed to inhabit the island by filling his thirst for violence and neglecting to take into consideration that confronting a beast will most likely lead to danger. Jack’s reasoning involves selfish motives; he wants to get rid of the beast, he wants to kill, he does not care that he has potentially placed the others in a dangerous situation, nor does he realize the ludicrousness of the beast, Jack has neglected reality entirely. Piggy represents the ego. He constantly tries to reason with the other boys, when he and Ralph first meet, Piggy understands that the other boys also landed on the island and someone needs to find and help them. â€Å"We got to find the others. We got to do something† (14). Piggy also realizes that the boys will most likely stay on the island for a while before someone rescues them — if someone ever rescues them at all. Piggy understands the boys while staying in touch with reality and he knows that if he does not find the smaller boys and take care of them, they will die. Piggy comprehends the seriousness of their predicament and realizes what it will take to keep everyone in order and alive. Simon represents the superego because he adheres to the principles instilled in him by society and civilization. After Jack has killed a pig for the first time, he and his clan approach while chanting, Piggy whimpers and â€Å"Simon hushed him quickly as though he had spoken too loudly in church† (69). Simon’s conscience keeps Piggy in line even when dealing with savage Jack. Towards the end of the novel, the other boys savagely murder Simon; when the boys kill Simon they also kill their conscience, they kill the rules and implications set upon them in order to keep society civilized and from this point until the boys get rescued their savage nature completely takes over and nothing holds them back any longer. Alfred Adler believed that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority. He also believed that people focus on maintaining control over their lives. Golding shows these ideas in his novel. Piggy, Ralph, and Jack all have issues with inferiority and control, in some way each of them feels inferior and each them strives for control. The other boys consider Piggy substandard to them because physically he is not their equal, Piggy realizes that the other boys perceive him this way and tries to make up for it with his intellect and emphasis on the rules, which leads into Piggy’s control issue he tries to use control to counter act the feeling of being out-classed. Jack always strives for superiority, from the very beginning Jack feels that he should be chief instead of Ralph. Jack crumbles underneath his need to become more superior than Ralph and decides to takes control of his situation and forms his own tribe. Jack tries to control his life by getting his way and convincing other boys to get his way as well. Ralph fears inferiority, leadership thrusts itself upon Ralph but he holds his position in very high regard. As Ralph loses support from his tribe, he loses his superiority and he begins to lose faith in himself and become more nervous. Ralph does not like the loss of control in his tribe or in his life, the signal fire and getting the boys to help him make shelters was so important to him for this reason. Adler studied various types of people and he came to the conclusion that there are the four main types of people: The ruling type that tries to control others, the getting type that tends to go along with others ideas, the avoiding type that tries to isolate themselves to avoid defeat, the socially useful type that values having control over their lives and strive to do good things for the sake of society. Jack represents the ruling type with his demand that the boys do as he says â€Å"‘go on’ the two savages looked at each other, raised their spears together and spoke in time. ‘The chief has spoken’ â€Å"(141). Jack thrives off of ruling and absolute power. Sam and Eric fit into the category of the getting type, they tend to go along with and do what others tell them to do. Whenever Ralph is their chief they listen to him and go along with what he says, and then when Jack captures them and takes them to his tribe they adhere to his code and do what he says. Sam and Eric follow — they do not contribute to creative thought but they willingly take part in its aftermath. Simon represents the avoiding type, he largely keeps to himself, and he goes and finds a secret place where he can sit alone in the quiet with his thoughts. Ralph represents the socially useful type, he likes to have control of the boys but, unlike Jack he wants them to do things for the betterment of the group. Adler’s ideas come to life in Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Psychologist Carl Jung believed that symbol creation was a key in understanding human nature. Symbols express something essentially unknown in the best way possible. The boys in Lord of the Flies create a symbol for their fear, at times the boys feel afraid and they cannot exactly express why. The boys create the symbol of the beast because they cannot touch or see their fear and so they imagine a beast that they could touch and see. Whenever Simon recognizes that the thing to fear lies within the boys he also creates a symbol, the Lord of the flies. Jung also believed that the introvert and the extrovert make up the main components of personality. The introvert, like Simon, tends to keep to themselves, and find more interest in ideas than in people. â€Å"Simon paused. He looked over his shoulder as jack had done at the close ways behind him and glanced quickly around to confirm that he was utterly alone† (56). The extrovert however, is outgoing and socially oriented. Both Jack and Piggy fit the description of extroverts because, they both freely express their ideas and long for others to hear and admire them. According to Jung a person that has a healthy personality can realize these opposite tendencies and can express each. Ralph most closely adheres to Jung’s theory about healthy personality. Ralph has a need for socialization but, he also knows when he needs time for reflection and thought, many times Ralph wishes that he had time to gather his thoughts before he had to go and present them in front of the rest of the tribe. When reading Lord of the Flies some readers may miss the latent meaning and only focus on the manifest. Readers who do not take in deeper psychological nature of the novel would attribute the boy’s different reaction to the island, to differences in personality and background instead of the boys taking on the image of the different levels of consciousness. This reader might think that they could not keep order simply because they are just young boys when their real motives were their subconscious need for superiority. The entire novel deals with the psychological principles set forth by Freud, Adler, and Jung; it could be considered a case study that verifies the very things that these psychologists believed. How to cite Lord of the Flies and Psychology, Papers

Developing an Inventory Management System Operations Management

Question: Describe about the Developing an Inventory Management System for Operations Management. Answer: Introduction Designing and developing an inventory management system is a part of the operations management. The system works to give businesses a better competitive edge by solving issues with current inventory management (Need, 2006). In this report, literatures have been reviewed to provide a detailed overview of inventory management. Discussed are the importance and benefit of inventory management, its objectives and best practice. Further, various factors for efficient implementation of an inventory management system in a retail business are listed. The purpose is to fully understand the design and development of a solution for management of current problems and the provision of best services. The report also discusses some of the challenges in inventory management systems in the provision of business solutions. A case study on purchasing and inventory at Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is reviewed as part of literature studies. A detailed investigation was conducted to establish existing challenges in the current inventory management system. With reference to the reviewed literatures, a recommendation is proposed to help resolve arising concerns from the current inventory management system. Discussion Basically, an inventory is a detailed stocks list for the items being traded. It comprises of input materials, unfinished products and output goods. Contemporary businesses need to have appropriately maintained stock levels in order to meet market demands in real time. In operations management, inventory is part and parcel of purchasing management. The past decade, has experienced a rise in the supply chain management concept, receiving considerable attention in the operation of businesses. This attention has been geared towards the integration of supply chain management into one package rather than as a package of smaller distinct processes (Stock, 1998). According to Tersine (1994) supply-chain management is the strategic and systematic coordination of conventional business operations. Its primary objective is typically to improve a business performance in the long term by improving the whole supply chain (Salvo, Mackenzie, Bennett, Relyea and Thomas, 2002). On the other hand, inventory management encompasses a system of processes to maintain an appropriate level of stock in a business (Caswell, Bass, Caswell and David, 1987). These processes include the identification of the necessary inventory needs, instituting a replenishment process, monitoring stock movement, reconciling balances and reporting the status of inventory. Primarily, inventory management is the process of efficiently controlling stocks with the aim of avoiding excess or fewer inventories. Therefore, a reliable inventory management should minimise associate costs in inventory (Stevenson and Sum, 2002). Benefits and Objectives of Inventory Management Zara and Singhal (2006) report that there are three main objectives in the management of inventory: Reduction of inventory cost or investment. An important goal for any business. It is vital for businesses to maintain a balance between inventory and the profits gained in order to be successful. Provision of improved consumer satisfaction. Increasing overall productivity of business by improving sales and profits realized from effective inventory management. Drabek (2012) also highlights that the benefits of inventory management are numerous, including: Helping in the reduction of the time needed to respond to the changing market demands of particular goods and in controlling any stocks in excess. Providing a means through which businesses can effectively control or manage their inventory Facilitating constant analysis of business processes like purchasing and sales for the purpose of making adequate inventory decisions. Provision of total insight on transaction of stocks. Provision of practical understanding of inventory which has the potential to influence sales and customer service in a positive manner. Currently there exist two commonly accepted approaches to inventory management. These include the materials required planning approach (MRP) and the just-in-time approach (JIT). MRP is basically a management system converting sales into loads through time and sub-units. This system involves scheduling orders more closely to reduce inventory and shorten the time taken in making deliveries while making deliveries more predictable (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2013). MPR periodically reviews orders thereby allowing the ordering of currently needed items. This is efficient in keeping inventory levels low. On the other hand, the JIT approach works to ensure that businesses only keep the correct inventory, at the correct time and in the correct quality (Kannan, Govindan, and Rajendran, 2015). This approach is adopted by many organizations, integrating inventory management to achieve advanced competitive advantage. JIT does not optimize inventories but rather eliminates them. Implementation of Effective Inventory Management Systems In todays business, inventory management is an important part of everyday business operations. It functions to ensure quality control in a world where businesses are centered on consumer satisfaction. Therefore, inadequate inventory management may lead to consumer dissatisfaction in the event that there is a stock-out for highly demanded goods. To avoid such incidents, businesses willingly invest huge amounts of revenue to acquire effective and adequate inventory management systems. According to Poonnawat and Lehmann (2015), a good management system should have a warning system that appropriately alerts the retailer to reorder before he or she is out of stock. Concomitantly, it should automatically track moving inventory. An efficient system minimizes risks of errors. For instance, a business ordering large quantities of goods, and nearly ten thousand items get lost. Though manual system is common in many businesses it may result in errors; however, an automated system can help in avoid this. Such errors are more common in retail stores. Choubey and Agrawal (2016) suggest that retail stores can employ inventory management system in tracking theft of merchandise while providing valuable information concerning the activities of the store. Concomitantly, the design of an inventory management system should support and reflect the strategic approach of a business organization and be able to adapt to global market changes such as the use of new technologies. It provides information that is relevant for the efficient monitoring of inventory movements, while coordinating and integrating internal processes like billing or accounting, human resource management and customer service. Berman and Evans (2013) report that in order for businesses to ensure continuity between functions, management systems must integrate the following processes: Sales Forecast: demands that the system provides appropriate information for effective coordination of operations of the business and the management people and equipment. It should facilitate accurate and real time management decision making. Operations and Sales planning: inventory management should handle or control market demand fluctuations in real time. Business Strategic goals: strategy alignment is primary factor in business and a necessity for success. Therefore, a well-designed inventory management should be aligned with strategic goals of a business and current market demands. Input requirement planning: inventory management systems should strike a balance between supply and demand within minimal costs, work load and inventory level in order to achieve consumer satisfaction. However, these processes vary from between businesses depending on a business processes and market demands. Case Study Analysis Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is a retail store business providing a variety of products designed to meet local demand. This range of products include different types of ride-on mowers as well as other garden equipment that are suited to larger properties like hobby farms and residential acreages. Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre conducts its businesses from three retail stores located across Queensland city: Brisbane. Based on the organizations experience as an efficient retailer, though running as separate entities, the management is aware of the necessity of quality services in their distribution system and therefore provided this to ensure consumer satisfaction. However, as a result of the rapid growth, the company was faced by challenges in their inventory system. Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre had a business goal to be the best retail store within its industry. To effectively achieve this, the company had to develop a means for the minimization of inventory cost: One area that seemed to be in need of some attention was the whole process of purchasing and inventory management. As a retail establishment, Brisbane Outdoor required a heavy investment in stock, and an effective means of managing that investment. Saxons laissez-faire approach to the business had resulted in some rather odd purchasing and inventory management practices. Each store operated autonomously, and whilst various stock items were transported between stores when shortages occurred, there was no integrated approach. Even major product brands differed from store to store. Each of the three inventory managers did their own sourcing and purchasing, and had their own way of managing inventory. This situation had led to three completely different and unconnected purchasing and inventory management systems. Source: Case study: Purchasing and Inventory at Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre (n.d.) With a new management in position, an effective or sustainable approach was inevitable. It was suggested that a good procurement and inventory management process would improve financial and operational gains. A good purchasing and inventory management system should be any adequate strategy that achieves this. Therefore, this paper reports the development of an appropriate inventory and supply-chain management system for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre stores. Current System The current inventory system at Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is based on the laissez-faire approach whereby each store has its own separate purchasing and inventory system. However, since the businesses are integrated into one company, their purchasing and inventory systems are not integrated. Still, various stock items were transported between stores when shortages occurred. With three completely different and unconnected purchasing and inventory management systems, the company faces a huge problem that affects its profitability. However, this led to financial and profit problems. Advantages of this system include independence in inventory management suggest less time in completion of transaction. On the other hand the system is disadvantageous as the stores have to share resources which lead to a mix-up of products within a given retail store. Other disadvantages include loss of sales and stock-outs; inaccurate on -shelves quantities; and unsatisfactory ROI from inventory (Kontrec et al., 2015). Proposed Inventory Concepts Studies indicate that coming up with an adequate inventory management strategy isnt a ride in the park. This can be attributed to several uncertainty types that relate to inventory strategies and depend on the nature of business. Additionally, the organization should implement both forecasting methods and a policy on inventory management. This report suggests an inventory management system that should allow Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre to have adequate control over its purchasing and inventory processes. The operations management concepts to drive the proposed system include: central warehouse, performance management and service, supply chain management and enterprise resource planning, bulk purchasing, avoid excess inventory, increasing ROI, and having ample on-shelves inventory. Implementation Plan The table below shows the implementation plan for the proposed solution. Table1: Implementation plan Stakeholders Deliverables Evaluation Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre Distribution companies Managers Sales representatives An efficient purchasing and inventory management system for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre to effectively track and control Inventory in the three stores Product documentation Staff training Interviews Check Lists Sampling of documents Conclusion In conclusion, the study found that most businesses struggle to better their purchasing and inventory operations without increasing the cost of inventory. However, the main concept is to automate and integrate all the processes involved in order to achieve a single cohesive inventory management system. If organizations can investigate into their business purchasing and inventory management systems, then it would be possible to achieve their business strategic objectives and increase the return on investment (ROI) (Schroeder, Goldstein, and Rungtusanatham, 2013). This report purposefully provides a reliable solution to Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre stores for the company to gain a competitive edge and realize the company goals through reduced inventory cost and increased sales. An adequate inventory management strategy provides a business with appropriate control of its inventory and reduces the total cost of operation leading to consumer satisfaction and gives a competitive advantage . Successful inventory management involves balancing the cost of and profit in keeping inventory. Benefits of inventory management include: getting cheaper prices through bulk purchasing of retail products; avoiding excess inventory by keeping stocks low- just enough to meet demand; having a broad range of products stock, increasing ROI; and maintaining ample on-shelves inventory in order to provide reliable consumer services (Lutz, Birou, and Kannan,2014). References Berman, B.R. and Evans, J.R., 2013. Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Caswell, R.L. and Bass, C.D., Caswell Robert L and Bass C David, 1987. Inventory management system using transponders associated with specific products. U.S. Patent 4,636,950. Choubey, N.S. and Agrawal, M., 2016. Automation in Textile Industry. methods, 2(1). Drabek, T.E., 2012. Human system responses to disaster: An inventory of sociological findings. Springer Science Business Media. Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., 2013. Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kannan, D., Govindan, K. and Rajendran, S., 2015. Fuzzy Axiomatic Design approach based green supplier selection: a case study from Singapore. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, pp.194-208. Kontrec, N.Z., MilovanoviĆ¡, G.V., PaniĆ¡, S.R. and MiloeviĆ¡, H., 2015. A reliability-based approach to nonrepairable spare part forecasting in aircraft maintenance system. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015. Lutz, H., Birou, L. and Kannan, V.R., 2014. Analysis of higher educational offerings in operations management. International Journal of Information and Operations Management Education, 5(4), pp.297-310. Need, W.C.D.H.P., 2006. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Poonnawat, W. and Lehmann, P., 2015. A Framework for using Business Intelligence for Learning Decision Making with Business Simulation Games. Salvo, J.J., Mackenzie, P.D., Bennett, J.S., Relyea, H.A. and Thomas, A.M.I., 2002. Inventory management system and method. U.S. Patent 6,341,271. Schroeder, R.G., Goldstein, S.M. and Rungtusanatham, M.J., 2013. Operations management in the supply chain: Decisions and cases. Stevenson, W.J. and Sum, C.C., 2002. Operations management (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Stock, J.R., 1998. Development and implementation of reverse logistics programs. In ANNUAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, COUNCIL OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT.--. Tersine, R.J., 1994. Principles of inventory and materials management. Zara, A.M. and Singhal, S., Hewlett-Packard Development Company, LP, 2006. Method to map an inventory management system to a configuration management system. U.S. Patent 7,013,462.