Pregnant Women: Preeclampsia

Pregnant Women: Preeclampsia In todays world complication during pregnancy are not unheard of. In fact many women are at risk for some sort of complication during their pregnancy. One of the most common complications during pregnancy is preeclampsia. Preeclampsia, also know as pregnancy induces hypertension, effects between three and eight percent of all women during pregnancy. Preeclampsia affects the health of the mother and the baby. Preeclampsia is usually diagnosed in the second trimester of the womens pregnancy, more commonly after 32 weeks, but may be diagnosed as early as 20 weeks. There is no one way to diagnose preeclampsia. The doctor will monitor the mother for symptoms associated with preeclampsia including an increase in blood pressure, proteinuria (which is an increase in protein in the urine), increase in liver function test, thrombocytopenia, (low platelet count), swelling of the upper body, and weight gain. Some swelling and weight gain during pregnancy is normal, but a large amount of swelling and weight gain the doctor will question. Other common symptoms for preeclampsia include severe headaches, decrease in urine out put, vision changes. Upper abdominal pain is another common symptom associated with preeclampsia. These signs and symptoms accompanied by nausea, vomiting and dizziness should be reported to you physician. Women who have certain preexisting health condition like diabetes, hypertension, obesity and kidney disease before their pregnancy are at a higher risk for developing preeclampsia. First time mothers along with African American, teen and women over forty are at a greater risk for developing preeclampsia. Women with a family history of preeclampsia tend to have a higher risk for preeclampsia. If you were diagnoses with preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy your risk are higher. Having a multiple pregnancy, for example twins, increases your risk for developing preeclampsia. On the other hand women who have been pregnant more than once tend to have a lower risk except in those with a family history. Complications may occur after the onset of preeclampsia. One common complication is the shunting of blood to the placenta, preventing the placenta from getting the proper amount of blood. The decrease in blood flow to the placenta keeps the fetus, your baby, from getting enough oxygen and food required for healthy development. This can result in low birth weights and other complications for your baby including death. Placenta abortion is another complication commonly associated with preeclampsia. This is where the placenta pulls away from the uterine wall causing heavy bleeding. Placenta abortion can cause fetal distress. Placenta abortion is life threatening for the mother and the baby. HELLP Syndrome may also develop. HELLP Syndrome stands for the symptoms that are involved; Hemolytic anemia, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. HELLP Syndrome in many cases has already developed before the mother is diagnosed with preeclampsia. This is one reason early and continuous pre natal care is important. Another major complication of preeclampsia is eclampsia which is the development of seizures during preeclampsia. Eclampsia can cause permanent damage to the internal organs of the mother. If no intervention are taken to resolve preeclampsia the mother may end up having brain damage or end up in a coma or even may end in death for the mother and the baby. The only known treatment for preeclampsia is abortion of the pregnancy if the pregnancy hasnt reached the period of viability or delivery of the mature fetus. Even if the fetus has reached the period of viability the baby may experience complications due to being premature. In order to prevent this doctors have found ways to help manage preeclampsia allowing the fetus more time to mature in the womb. Methods to manage preeclampsia include lowering the blood pressure. The physician may recommend that the mother reduce the amount of salt intake in her diet. While resting it is recommended that the mother lie on her left side to reduce the workload of the heart. Another method used to manage preeclampsia is to take aspirin and a calcium supplement as ordered by your physician. Since there is now way to prevent preeclampsia it is important to seek early and regular prenatal care. If preeclampsia is detected early, you and your doctor can work together to prevent complications and make th e best choices for you and your baby. During my friend Jessicas pregnancy the doctors were concerned she had a few predisposing risk factors for preeclampsia including obesity and diabetes before her pregnancy. The doctors were concerned and monitored Jessica very carefully during her pregnancy. Without fail Jessica was diagnosed with preeclampsia at thirty weeks into her pregnancy. She developed the classical signs of preeclampsia including high blood pressure with proteinuria accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. Jessica was worried about the health of her baby. She changed her diet to a reduced sodium diet, and other little things to reduce recommended by her doctor to help her blood pressure. Even after attempts were made to lower Jessicas blood pressure it continued to show an increase in pressure. At thirty-six weeks doctor decided to have the best out come for her and the baby they were going to induce her labor. Lucky for Jessica she received the appropriate prenatal care the doctor was able to mon itor her for preeclampsia.

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Additionally, if the slower receipt of payments impacts the organization's ability to quickly pay its own operational expenses then you might also see an increase in the accounts payable liability account. Conversely, on the Income Statement, one would expect to see an increase in the patient revenue account since the deal was that the NCO had longer to pay in trade for a HIGHER reimbursement rate. Also, on the Income Statement as the receivables account increases then you would also see an increase in the Provision for Doubtful Accounts.How might negotiating an NCO contract affect financial statements? The accounts that will be impacted on the Balance Sheet (which was the nature Of my question) are as follows. How does the Provision for Doubtful Accounts work? Posted by ROBERT ADAMS atlas 16, 2015, 8:09 PM If a hospital such as FCC renegotiated an NCO contract that allowed the NCO to take longer to pay in exchange for a higher reimbursement rate, this would increase patient revenue on the Income Statement because the NCO is paying at a higher rate.However, since the NCO has longer to pay then the Patient Accounts Receivable (A/R) on the Balance Sheet would also increase. As this A/R account increases, the amount booked as Provision for Doubtful Accounts would also increase since this expense is often simply a percentage of the A/R account. OR a more real world response: In the case of FCC, they treat the Provision of Doubtful Accounts as an expense account. This is an account that is used to ‘book† the projected losses associated with carrying a receivables account on the Balance Sheet for patient revenue.You might ask why an organization would need to do this. Well anytime you have a receivables account there is some likelihood that some of that account will go uncollected. Generally, an organization can use historical data to project what percentage of a receivable account might not be collected. Regarding this assignment, FCC renegotiated a prim ary managed care contract which allowed the NCO longer to pay in exchange for a higher reimbursement rate. The impact of the NCO having longer to pay means that the receivables account would grow.If FCC applies its historical percentage for uncorrectable to a growing receivables account then the Provision for Doubtful Accounts would naturally increase as well. How does purchasing extra inventory change financial statements? As FCC purchases inventory it is placed on the Balance Sheet as an asset. It is VERY important for you all to understand that the supplies expense will not increase on the Income Statement UNTIL the supplies are actually used by FCC. For instance, if FCC purchased $1 of extra inventory this loud be listed as an asset on the Balance Sheet.

Compare and Contrast the Cunningham and Ewell Families

Compare and Contrast the Cunningham and Ewell Families In To Kill A Mockingbird, as an additional message to the main theme of the novel, Lee seeks to show two polar reactions to poverty, that of the Cunninghams and the Ewells. Her experience of the Great Depression was a major influence in the writing of the book, as she uses the contrast of these two families to show that there is hope for those in poverty, if people learn from the Ewells and emulate the Cunninghams. She introduces the values she considers to highlight the difference between the Cunninghams and Ewells, and uses this example to show that Fine Folk are not born into the position, but rather are considered as such on account of their qualities. The position of Fine†¦show more content†¦Burris Ewell, however, was the filthiest human being [Scout] had ever seen. He laughed rudely and slouched leisurely away from the classroom. This apathetic, lackadaisical and disrespectful attitude is typical of the Ewell family, and contrasts with Walters strong sense of dignity, showing the vast difference between them. A characteristic that is strongly emphasised in the novel is pride, which Lee uses to show that poverty does not necessarily humble a family. The Cunninghams pride is so strong they will not accept outside help, as shown when Scout tells her teacher, the Cunninghams never took anything they cant pay back. In stark contrast to this, the Ewells had been the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations, living off regular weekly appearances at the welfare office for his [relief] check. Bob Ewell has no qualms about living like a parasite, and none of his family care that they are seen as the lowest level of society, apart from blacks. The Cunninghams have pride despite their poverty, in contrast to the Ewells complete absence of self-respect Work ethic is an important part of the contrast between the Cunninghams and the Ewells. Even though Walter Cunningham gets held back sometimes because he has to stay out and help his daddy, he still attends school regularly. Mr Cunningham also displays a hard-working attitude, as he could get a WPA job, but does not so that he can keep his land andShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1599 Words   |  7 Pagescode of prejudice and discrimination. It is through various perspectives and representations of individuals, times, concepts and places that ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ explores human morality. By using the character Atticus as a moral compass, we can compare and evaluate the various perspectives of characters in the novel. This allows the audience to analyse the way in which these representations create moral, ethical and social positions of discrimination. Despite being surrounded by prejudice andRead MoreSocratic Seminar Questions Tkam Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesMaudie tells Jem that â€Å"things are never as bad as they seem.† What reasons does she give for this view? g. She names all of the people who helped Tom Robinson, such as the black community, Atticus, and Judge Taylor. 8) Why does Bob Ewell feel so angry with Atticus? Do you think his threat is a real one, and how might he try to â€Å"get† Atticus? h. He feels Atticus made him look bad in front of the entire town. This threat was meant to get a reaction from Atticus; however, AtticusRead MoreThe Morality Of A Man Defending Justice3103 Words   |  13 Pagesa Mockingbird the citizens of Maycomb reveal the unjust treatment of members of the their community. Atticus Finch, tries to break all barriers by defending Tom Robinson, a black man who is accused of raping and assaulting a white female, Mayella Ewell. He wants to be able to teach his children Jem and Scout the truth about life and the importance of doing what is right. Atticus Finch’s decision to defend Tom Robinson reveals that he values justice. The story takes place in Maycomb a rural townRead MoreThe Instances of Injustice and Justice in To Kill A Mocking Bird and Silas Marner2235 Words   |  9 PagesThe Instances of Injustice and Justice in To Kill A Mocking Bird and Silas Marner In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the instances of injustice and justice in To Kill A Mockingbird and Silas Marner. To Kill A Mockingbird is set in Maycomb, in the southern state of Alabama during the years, 1933-35, the time of the Great Economic Depression. Racial prejudice was particularly strong in the Southern States due to the earlier abolishment of slavery, slaveryRead MoreA Silent Truth in To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee Essay1809 Words   |  8 Pagesfound between Lee’s life and Scout’s life in To Kill A Mockingbird. Harper Lee wrote about a little girl named Jean Louise Finch (Scout), but was she really telling a story about her life and what scenarios took place in her childhood? Harper Lee’s family, friends, biography, and the historical events that she experienced all contribute to the 1960 novel. In the novel Scout’s mother died when she was about two years old, therefore Scout does not remember her mother. Harper Lee includes anotherRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesetc.) is, therefore, possible as an important way of consolidating the concepts/approaches from the text. However, the chance of live in-company work may be more limited – although projects based largely on secondary data can be very effective. In contrast, part-time students should be more in touch with ongoing management issues but may have less preparation time available and find it more difficult to meet in groups. It may be, therefore, that some group time needs to be built into the programme

Portuguese Man-of-War Facts (Physalia physalis)

With its colorful float and trailing stinging tentacles, the Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) might easily be mistaken for a jellyfish. However, a jellyfish is a single animal. The Portuguese man-of-war is a siphonophore, which is a colony of animals that function together and cannot survive apart. The creatures common name may come from its resemblance to a Portuguese sailing warship or to the helmets worn by Portuguese soldiers. Fast Facts: Portuguese Man-of-War Scientific Name: Physalia physalisCommon Names: Portuguese man-of-war, Portuguese man o war, man-of-warBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: The float is approximately 12 inches long, 5 inches wide; its tentacles can measure up to 165 feetLifespan: Probably 1 yearDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific OceansPopulation: AbundantConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description The man-of-war has a distinctive sail-like float (pneumatophore) that may reach 12 inches in length and 5 inches in width, and rises 6 inches above the water surface. The colorful float may be translucent blue, pink, or violet. This gas bladder is filled with nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and a small amount of carbon dioxide from air, plus up to 14% carbon monoxide. Portuguese man-of-war on a beach. David Ziegler  Getty Images In addition to the pneumatophore, the man-of-war has three other polyp types. The dactylozooids are tentacles that are used for defense and disabling prey. The tentacles are blue or purple and can extend up to 165 feet. The gastrozooids are responsible for feeding. The gonozooids are used for reproduction. Man-of-War vs. Blue Bottle The genus Physalia includes two species: the Portuguese man-of-war and the Pacific man-of-war or Australian blue bottle (Physalia utriculus). The Portuguese man-of-war has a wider color range and many tentacles, while the Australian blue bottle is blue and has a single long tentacle. Australian blue bottle on a beach. Michelle Lehr / Getty Images Habitat and Range The species occurs in the warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Caribbean and Sargasso Seas. The Portuguese man-of-war lives on or just below the surface of the water. A siphon in the pneumatophore lets the animal float or descend in the water column. Wind pushes the animals float at a 45 degree angle. Some individuals are left-sided, while others are right-sided. The different orientations of the floats help the animals to disperse across the oceans. Diet The Portuguese man-of-war is a carnivore. Its tentacles contain stinging cells called nematocysts that paralyze and kill small fish, worms, and crustaceans. The tentacles move prey to the gastrozooids on the underside of the float. The gastrozooids secrete enzymes that digest the prey. Nutrients are absorbed and circulated to other polyps. The man-of-war is prey to sea turtles, sea slugs, and crabs. Reproduction and Offspring The man-of-war life cycle includes a sexual and an asexual reproductive phase. Each colonial organism is either male or female. Spawning occurs mainly in the autumn. The gonozooids form gametes and release them into the water. The larva formed by the union of an egg and sperm then reproduces asexually by budding or mitotic fission until it achieves its mature form. This differs from the cellular division and differentiation of a non-colonial animal in that each type of polyp is a complete organism. However, a polyp cannot survive without other members of its colony. Like jellyfish and other Cnidarians, the rate of the life cycle depends on water temperature and other factors. Its likely the man-of-war lives to at least one year of age. Conservation Status The Portuguese man-of-war has not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for a conservation status. The species seems to be abundant throughout its range. Its population trend is unknown. Portuguese Man-of-War and Humans While the Portuguese man-of-war has no commercial value, it is of economic importance due to its impact on coastal tourism. Both jellyfish and man-of-war tentacles can sting after the animal is dead or when they are detached. Stings are painful, although not usually fatal. Neurotoxins in the venom cause mast cells in skin to release histamines, resulting in inflammation. Treatment typically involves tentacle removal, using vinegar or ammonia to inactivate remaining nematocysts, and soaking the affected area in hot water. Oral or topical antihistamines may be administered to combat inflammation. Jellyfish and man-of-war tentacles produce a characteristic rope-like sting.   4FR / Getty Images Sources Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers: Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2003.Halstead, B.W.  Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. Darwin Press, 1988.Kozloff, Eugene N. Invertebrates. Saunders College, 1990. ISBN 978-0-03-046204-7.Mapstone, G. Global Diversity and Review of Siphonophorae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). PLOS ONE 10(2): e0118381, 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087737Wilcox, Christie L., et al. Assessing the Efficacy of First-Aid Measures in Physalia sp. Envenomation, Using Solution- and Blood Agarose-Based Models. Toxins, 9(5), 149, 2017. doi:10.3390/toxins9050149

Themes Of Love And Freedom In World Literature - 837 Words

Love and freedom! Where do Love and Freedom show up in the same place? They come together as themes in World Literature. World Literature is the diverse variety of genres in books that have been spread worldwide and have become well known. It is important to know about these two themes to share and understand everyones unique perspectives. The large collection of striking viewpoints creates many diverse and intriguing themes. Two of the biggest themes that can be found in books are Love and Freedom. The theme Love, has many different variations such as fake love, necessary love, lost love, and etc. Love is generally described as a feeling of affection towards someone or something. This can differ from book to book. Freedom is another†¦show more content†¦The theme of Love fits into World Literature because of how it is shown throughout all different types of books. Another theme that is in World Literature is Freedom. This theme comes up in both â€Å"Night† and â€Å"A Doll’s House† in different ways. In â€Å"Night†, Eliezer is rescued from the malicious Germans by American forces. This is called literal freedom, because Eliezer is freed from the main struggle physically, but will never be able to recover/escape mentally. In the book, â€Å"A Doll’s House†, Nora is released from her â€Å"fake† marriage with Torvald since she is no longer treated like she is under him, let alone feel like she is trapped in a relationship with him. This is called emotional freedom, because she was originally trapped in the state of mind that she was only a household wife, until she was, finally, able to be free of that mind set. Each book helps depict how the theme, Freedom, fits into World Literature, even though many diverse books have the theme in a different way. â€Å"Old Yeller† by Fred Gibson shows the themes of Love and Freedom. Each book is different than one another, whether it is distinct, from the rest of the books, by storyline, genre, details, etc. Yet, in each book, Freedom and Love both come up. In â€Å"Old Yeller† the theme of Love is shown by how Travis, the protagonist, and Old Yeller care for and watch over each other. Love can be seen when Travis suspects that Old Yeller has rabies and has to kill his loyalShow MoreRelatedThe Romantic Victorians Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary work of the Romantic era because of the various themes that compose it. The â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in the Victorian era is a poem that can portray the society that shaped the era. Both poems share the theme isolation because the main characters in the poem are isolated from others. The Romantics era lasted from the year 1798 to the year 1834 and is an era full of changes. In this era the artists had freedom to express what they felt through their arts of work. ThereforeRead MoreInternal And External Captivity By Langston Hughes1739 Words   |  7 Pages Internal and External Captivity In Literature, there are certain themes and notions that are either hidden within the text or stated boldly in direct statements. These themes allow them to accomplish a particular feeling within the reader or reveal a message that will be exemplified when realized. There can be a connection made to a reality known by all by each and every theme, whether it be social disconnect from a constant being of isolation or a sense of torment from a deplorable actionRead MoreThe New American Literature : The Period Of Romanticism Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe New American Literature The period of Romanticism, occurring between the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. TheRead MoreThe One Who Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis1046 Words   |  5 PagesMany pieces of literature have comparable characteristics, including the use of literary elements to portray deeper meaning. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest are great pieces of literature which keep their main focus around the use of symbolism, hidden in the plot. Whereas Mrs. Mallard, from â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, appears to be insane due to her husband, characters from The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest gains their insanity from Nurse Ratched, both authorsRead MoreThemes: Joseph Merrick and Elephant Man Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Freedom The three short stories we read, The Elephant in the Village of Blind, 20/20, and The Cathedral, all have many common themes with the movie The Elephant man. What intrigues me the most is the hidden underlining meaning each and every story carries. There are three prominent themes I would like to discuss, the figurative and the literal blindness of the characters in the works, enlightenment, and the freedom the characters experience throughout each individual piece. The themes alsoRead MoreRomanticism in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake1393 Words   |  6 PagesBlakes Poem William Blake was a poet, painter, and a printmaker all during the period in literature known as the Romantic time period. The Romantic time period, also known in Literature as Romanticism began in Europe, mainly France and Britain around the 1800s (Barker) and it was first defined as a tool to in literature and literary criticisms (Galitz). The Romantic period did not just focus on literature, but also on the subjects of art and knowledge which was fueled by the French RevolutionRead MoreBrave New World- Literary Analysis Essay924 Words   |  4 Pageslook into Brave New World Many times there is an underlying topic to a novel and what it truly means. For Brave New World, there are many underlying ideas as to the makeup of Aldous Huxley’s novel. For example, themes like science, sex, power, freedom and confinement, drugs and alcohol, society and class, and dissatisfaction as different themes that Huxley produces in the novel. Also there could be many symbols in the novel including, bottles and Ford. Not only are these themes and symbols throughoutRead MoreLolita s Tehr A Memoir1185 Words   |  5 Pageshold a private literature workshop with a select group of dedicated students. Over the course of this first section, Nafisi introduces us to the seven students in the group and recreates their discussions about two primary texts: Nabokov’s Invitation to a Beheading and Lolita. In doing so, she makes both implicit and explicit connections between these novels and the lives of these women living in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and by extension, explores the links between literature and reality generallyRead MorePullmans Ideolgy in Northern Lights1420 Words   |  6 PagesChildren’s literature has become one of the major branches of literature. The first literature written specifically for children was intended to instruct them. Critics who study childrens literature have found that what is viewed as appropriate reading for children adheres closely to a cultures notion of what a child is a notion that may change considerably from time to time. In the 18th and early 19th Centuries John Newbery - an English author and bookseller- , was the first p ublisher to dedicateRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Romantic Era And Romanticism1107 Words   |  5 PagesThere was a time for reason, as well as a time for love. As we have seen from our past, today we have time for both. The Age of Reason, also known as the Enlightenment, took place during the 18th century, which was a time for philosophers to thrive. They sought out the truth behind our everyday lives, to figure out how they shaped our society. The Romantic Era or Romanticism took place during the late 18th century to the late 19th century focused on following people’s hearts more than their minds

Lord of the Flies and Psychology Free Essays

William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, narrates the story of a group of English boys as they struggle to survive on an uncharted, uninhabited island. The boy’s airplane crashes into the island and kills any adults on board — leaving the boys to fend for themselves. Ralph and Piggy meet each other first and, upon Piggy’s counsel, Ralph decides to call a meeting of all the boys by blowing on a conch shell. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies and Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The boys quickly begin to form a society in which they elect Ralph as their leader. A boy called Jack quietly disagrees and believes that he should lead the group. As times passes, Jack and his choir become hunters for the rest of the boys and they begin to enjoy the ways of a predator. As Jack grows more savage, he becomes unhappy with the way that Ralph leads the boys and decides that he will go to the other side of the island and start his own tribe. Boys slowly begin to leave Ralph to join Jack. The boys become so savage that they kill two boys and they plan to kill Ralph. Just as Jack has cornered Ralph, a naval officer appears and rescues them all. Golding depicts not only the struggle of the boys to survive, but also the psychological reasoning that leads the boys to abandon the civilized nature that they know. Through characterization and setting Golding creates in his novel, an ideal forum for validating psychological principles introduced by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist who pioneered the thought that the mind contains three different levels, the id, the ego, and the superego. The id bases itself on the pleasure principle; it meets basic needs. The id wants a quick satiation of needs and has no consideration for the reality of a situation. The ego bases itself on the reality principle, it understands that other people have needs and desires and that impulsiveness or selfishness can cause harm in the future. The ego meets the needs of the id, while taking the reality of the situation into consideration. The Superego develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on a child by influential adults in their lives. One could compare the superego to the conscience, as it dictates belief of right and wrong. Golding acknowledges these different states of consciousness within his novel by using characters to represent each one. For instance, Jack represents the id. Jack never takes into consideration the best thing for the group or himself in the long run and he holds himself accountable to no set of rules or any code of ethics. â€Å"Bollocks to the rules! We’re strong – we hunt! If there’s a beast, we’ll hunt it down! We’ll close in and beat and beat and beat† (91). Jack addresses the issue of a beast believed to inhabit the island by filling his thirst for violence and neglecting to take into consideration that confronting a beast will most likely lead to danger. Jack’s reasoning involves selfish motives; he wants to get rid of the beast, he wants to kill, he does not care that he has potentially placed the others in a dangerous situation, nor does he realize the ludicrousness of the beast, Jack has neglected reality entirely. Piggy represents the ego. He constantly tries to reason with the other boys, when he and Ralph first meet, Piggy understands that the other boys also landed on the island and someone needs to find and help them. â€Å"We got to find the others. We got to do something† (14). Piggy also realizes that the boys will most likely stay on the island for a while before someone rescues them — if someone ever rescues them at all. Piggy understands the boys while staying in touch with reality and he knows that if he does not find the smaller boys and take care of them, they will die. Piggy comprehends the seriousness of their predicament and realizes what it will take to keep everyone in order and alive. Simon represents the superego because he adheres to the principles instilled in him by society and civilization. After Jack has killed a pig for the first time, he and his clan approach while chanting, Piggy whimpers and â€Å"Simon hushed him quickly as though he had spoken too loudly in church† (69). Simon’s conscience keeps Piggy in line even when dealing with savage Jack. Towards the end of the novel, the other boys savagely murder Simon; when the boys kill Simon they also kill their conscience, they kill the rules and implications set upon them in order to keep society civilized and from this point until the boys get rescued their savage nature completely takes over and nothing holds them back any longer. Alfred Adler believed that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority. He also believed that people focus on maintaining control over their lives. Golding shows these ideas in his novel. Piggy, Ralph, and Jack all have issues with inferiority and control, in some way each of them feels inferior and each them strives for control. The other boys consider Piggy substandard to them because physically he is not their equal, Piggy realizes that the other boys perceive him this way and tries to make up for it with his intellect and emphasis on the rules, which leads into Piggy’s control issue he tries to use control to counter act the feeling of being out-classed. Jack always strives for superiority, from the very beginning Jack feels that he should be chief instead of Ralph. Jack crumbles underneath his need to become more superior than Ralph and decides to takes control of his situation and forms his own tribe. Jack tries to control his life by getting his way and convincing other boys to get his way as well. Ralph fears inferiority, leadership thrusts itself upon Ralph but he holds his position in very high regard. As Ralph loses support from his tribe, he loses his superiority and he begins to lose faith in himself and become more nervous. Ralph does not like the loss of control in his tribe or in his life, the signal fire and getting the boys to help him make shelters was so important to him for this reason. Adler studied various types of people and he came to the conclusion that there are the four main types of people: The ruling type that tries to control others, the getting type that tends to go along with others ideas, the avoiding type that tries to isolate themselves to avoid defeat, the socially useful type that values having control over their lives and strive to do good things for the sake of society. Jack represents the ruling type with his demand that the boys do as he says â€Å"‘go on’ the two savages looked at each other, raised their spears together and spoke in time. ‘The chief has spoken’ â€Å"(141). Jack thrives off of ruling and absolute power. Sam and Eric fit into the category of the getting type, they tend to go along with and do what others tell them to do. Whenever Ralph is their chief they listen to him and go along with what he says, and then when Jack captures them and takes them to his tribe they adhere to his code and do what he says. Sam and Eric follow — they do not contribute to creative thought but they willingly take part in its aftermath. Simon represents the avoiding type, he largely keeps to himself, and he goes and finds a secret place where he can sit alone in the quiet with his thoughts. Ralph represents the socially useful type, he likes to have control of the boys but, unlike Jack he wants them to do things for the betterment of the group. Adler’s ideas come to life in Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Psychologist Carl Jung believed that symbol creation was a key in understanding human nature. Symbols express something essentially unknown in the best way possible. The boys in Lord of the Flies create a symbol for their fear, at times the boys feel afraid and they cannot exactly express why. The boys create the symbol of the beast because they cannot touch or see their fear and so they imagine a beast that they could touch and see. Whenever Simon recognizes that the thing to fear lies within the boys he also creates a symbol, the Lord of the flies. Jung also believed that the introvert and the extrovert make up the main components of personality. The introvert, like Simon, tends to keep to themselves, and find more interest in ideas than in people. â€Å"Simon paused. He looked over his shoulder as jack had done at the close ways behind him and glanced quickly around to confirm that he was utterly alone† (56). The extrovert however, is outgoing and socially oriented. Both Jack and Piggy fit the description of extroverts because, they both freely express their ideas and long for others to hear and admire them. According to Jung a person that has a healthy personality can realize these opposite tendencies and can express each. Ralph most closely adheres to Jung’s theory about healthy personality. Ralph has a need for socialization but, he also knows when he needs time for reflection and thought, many times Ralph wishes that he had time to gather his thoughts before he had to go and present them in front of the rest of the tribe. When reading Lord of the Flies some readers may miss the latent meaning and only focus on the manifest. Readers who do not take in deeper psychological nature of the novel would attribute the boy’s different reaction to the island, to differences in personality and background instead of the boys taking on the image of the different levels of consciousness. This reader might think that they could not keep order simply because they are just young boys when their real motives were their subconscious need for superiority. The entire novel deals with the psychological principles set forth by Freud, Adler, and Jung; it could be considered a case study that verifies the very things that these psychologists believed. How to cite Lord of the Flies and Psychology, Papers

Developing an Inventory Management System Operations Management

Question: Describe about the Developing an Inventory Management System for Operations Management. Answer: Introduction Designing and developing an inventory management system is a part of the operations management. The system works to give businesses a better competitive edge by solving issues with current inventory management (Need, 2006). In this report, literatures have been reviewed to provide a detailed overview of inventory management. Discussed are the importance and benefit of inventory management, its objectives and best practice. Further, various factors for efficient implementation of an inventory management system in a retail business are listed. The purpose is to fully understand the design and development of a solution for management of current problems and the provision of best services. The report also discusses some of the challenges in inventory management systems in the provision of business solutions. A case study on purchasing and inventory at Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is reviewed as part of literature studies. A detailed investigation was conducted to establish existing challenges in the current inventory management system. With reference to the reviewed literatures, a recommendation is proposed to help resolve arising concerns from the current inventory management system. Discussion Basically, an inventory is a detailed stocks list for the items being traded. It comprises of input materials, unfinished products and output goods. Contemporary businesses need to have appropriately maintained stock levels in order to meet market demands in real time. In operations management, inventory is part and parcel of purchasing management. The past decade, has experienced a rise in the supply chain management concept, receiving considerable attention in the operation of businesses. This attention has been geared towards the integration of supply chain management into one package rather than as a package of smaller distinct processes (Stock, 1998). According to Tersine (1994) supply-chain management is the strategic and systematic coordination of conventional business operations. Its primary objective is typically to improve a business performance in the long term by improving the whole supply chain (Salvo, Mackenzie, Bennett, Relyea and Thomas, 2002). On the other hand, inventory management encompasses a system of processes to maintain an appropriate level of stock in a business (Caswell, Bass, Caswell and David, 1987). These processes include the identification of the necessary inventory needs, instituting a replenishment process, monitoring stock movement, reconciling balances and reporting the status of inventory. Primarily, inventory management is the process of efficiently controlling stocks with the aim of avoiding excess or fewer inventories. Therefore, a reliable inventory management should minimise associate costs in inventory (Stevenson and Sum, 2002). Benefits and Objectives of Inventory Management Zara and Singhal (2006) report that there are three main objectives in the management of inventory: Reduction of inventory cost or investment. An important goal for any business. It is vital for businesses to maintain a balance between inventory and the profits gained in order to be successful. Provision of improved consumer satisfaction. Increasing overall productivity of business by improving sales and profits realized from effective inventory management. Drabek (2012) also highlights that the benefits of inventory management are numerous, including: Helping in the reduction of the time needed to respond to the changing market demands of particular goods and in controlling any stocks in excess. Providing a means through which businesses can effectively control or manage their inventory Facilitating constant analysis of business processes like purchasing and sales for the purpose of making adequate inventory decisions. Provision of total insight on transaction of stocks. Provision of practical understanding of inventory which has the potential to influence sales and customer service in a positive manner. Currently there exist two commonly accepted approaches to inventory management. These include the materials required planning approach (MRP) and the just-in-time approach (JIT). MRP is basically a management system converting sales into loads through time and sub-units. This system involves scheduling orders more closely to reduce inventory and shorten the time taken in making deliveries while making deliveries more predictable (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2013). MPR periodically reviews orders thereby allowing the ordering of currently needed items. This is efficient in keeping inventory levels low. On the other hand, the JIT approach works to ensure that businesses only keep the correct inventory, at the correct time and in the correct quality (Kannan, Govindan, and Rajendran, 2015). This approach is adopted by many organizations, integrating inventory management to achieve advanced competitive advantage. JIT does not optimize inventories but rather eliminates them. Implementation of Effective Inventory Management Systems In todays business, inventory management is an important part of everyday business operations. It functions to ensure quality control in a world where businesses are centered on consumer satisfaction. Therefore, inadequate inventory management may lead to consumer dissatisfaction in the event that there is a stock-out for highly demanded goods. To avoid such incidents, businesses willingly invest huge amounts of revenue to acquire effective and adequate inventory management systems. According to Poonnawat and Lehmann (2015), a good management system should have a warning system that appropriately alerts the retailer to reorder before he or she is out of stock. Concomitantly, it should automatically track moving inventory. An efficient system minimizes risks of errors. For instance, a business ordering large quantities of goods, and nearly ten thousand items get lost. Though manual system is common in many businesses it may result in errors; however, an automated system can help in avoid this. Such errors are more common in retail stores. Choubey and Agrawal (2016) suggest that retail stores can employ inventory management system in tracking theft of merchandise while providing valuable information concerning the activities of the store. Concomitantly, the design of an inventory management system should support and reflect the strategic approach of a business organization and be able to adapt to global market changes such as the use of new technologies. It provides information that is relevant for the efficient monitoring of inventory movements, while coordinating and integrating internal processes like billing or accounting, human resource management and customer service. Berman and Evans (2013) report that in order for businesses to ensure continuity between functions, management systems must integrate the following processes: Sales Forecast: demands that the system provides appropriate information for effective coordination of operations of the business and the management people and equipment. It should facilitate accurate and real time management decision making. Operations and Sales planning: inventory management should handle or control market demand fluctuations in real time. Business Strategic goals: strategy alignment is primary factor in business and a necessity for success. Therefore, a well-designed inventory management should be aligned with strategic goals of a business and current market demands. Input requirement planning: inventory management systems should strike a balance between supply and demand within minimal costs, work load and inventory level in order to achieve consumer satisfaction. However, these processes vary from between businesses depending on a business processes and market demands. Case Study Analysis Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is a retail store business providing a variety of products designed to meet local demand. This range of products include different types of ride-on mowers as well as other garden equipment that are suited to larger properties like hobby farms and residential acreages. Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre conducts its businesses from three retail stores located across Queensland city: Brisbane. Based on the organizations experience as an efficient retailer, though running as separate entities, the management is aware of the necessity of quality services in their distribution system and therefore provided this to ensure consumer satisfaction. However, as a result of the rapid growth, the company was faced by challenges in their inventory system. Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre had a business goal to be the best retail store within its industry. To effectively achieve this, the company had to develop a means for the minimization of inventory cost: One area that seemed to be in need of some attention was the whole process of purchasing and inventory management. As a retail establishment, Brisbane Outdoor required a heavy investment in stock, and an effective means of managing that investment. Saxons laissez-faire approach to the business had resulted in some rather odd purchasing and inventory management practices. Each store operated autonomously, and whilst various stock items were transported between stores when shortages occurred, there was no integrated approach. Even major product brands differed from store to store. Each of the three inventory managers did their own sourcing and purchasing, and had their own way of managing inventory. This situation had led to three completely different and unconnected purchasing and inventory management systems. Source: Case study: Purchasing and Inventory at Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre (n.d.) With a new management in position, an effective or sustainable approach was inevitable. It was suggested that a good procurement and inventory management process would improve financial and operational gains. A good purchasing and inventory management system should be any adequate strategy that achieves this. Therefore, this paper reports the development of an appropriate inventory and supply-chain management system for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre stores. Current System The current inventory system at Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is based on the laissez-faire approach whereby each store has its own separate purchasing and inventory system. However, since the businesses are integrated into one company, their purchasing and inventory systems are not integrated. Still, various stock items were transported between stores when shortages occurred. With three completely different and unconnected purchasing and inventory management systems, the company faces a huge problem that affects its profitability. However, this led to financial and profit problems. Advantages of this system include independence in inventory management suggest less time in completion of transaction. On the other hand the system is disadvantageous as the stores have to share resources which lead to a mix-up of products within a given retail store. Other disadvantages include loss of sales and stock-outs; inaccurate on -shelves quantities; and unsatisfactory ROI from inventory (Kontrec et al., 2015). Proposed Inventory Concepts Studies indicate that coming up with an adequate inventory management strategy isnt a ride in the park. This can be attributed to several uncertainty types that relate to inventory strategies and depend on the nature of business. Additionally, the organization should implement both forecasting methods and a policy on inventory management. This report suggests an inventory management system that should allow Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre to have adequate control over its purchasing and inventory processes. The operations management concepts to drive the proposed system include: central warehouse, performance management and service, supply chain management and enterprise resource planning, bulk purchasing, avoid excess inventory, increasing ROI, and having ample on-shelves inventory. Implementation Plan The table below shows the implementation plan for the proposed solution. Table1: Implementation plan Stakeholders Deliverables Evaluation Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre Distribution companies Managers Sales representatives An efficient purchasing and inventory management system for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre to effectively track and control Inventory in the three stores Product documentation Staff training Interviews Check Lists Sampling of documents Conclusion In conclusion, the study found that most businesses struggle to better their purchasing and inventory operations without increasing the cost of inventory. However, the main concept is to automate and integrate all the processes involved in order to achieve a single cohesive inventory management system. If organizations can investigate into their business purchasing and inventory management systems, then it would be possible to achieve their business strategic objectives and increase the return on investment (ROI) (Schroeder, Goldstein, and Rungtusanatham, 2013). This report purposefully provides a reliable solution to Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre stores for the company to gain a competitive edge and realize the company goals through reduced inventory cost and increased sales. An adequate inventory management strategy provides a business with appropriate control of its inventory and reduces the total cost of operation leading to consumer satisfaction and gives a competitive advantage . Successful inventory management involves balancing the cost of and profit in keeping inventory. Benefits of inventory management include: getting cheaper prices through bulk purchasing of retail products; avoiding excess inventory by keeping stocks low- just enough to meet demand; having a broad range of products stock, increasing ROI; and maintaining ample on-shelves inventory in order to provide reliable consumer services (Lutz, Birou, and Kannan,2014). References Berman, B.R. and Evans, J.R., 2013. Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Caswell, R.L. and Bass, C.D., Caswell Robert L and Bass C David, 1987. Inventory management system using transponders associated with specific products. U.S. Patent 4,636,950. Choubey, N.S. and Agrawal, M., 2016. Automation in Textile Industry. methods, 2(1). Drabek, T.E., 2012. Human system responses to disaster: An inventory of sociological findings. Springer Science Business Media. Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., 2013. Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kannan, D., Govindan, K. and Rajendran, S., 2015. Fuzzy Axiomatic Design approach based green supplier selection: a case study from Singapore. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, pp.194-208. Kontrec, N.Z., MilovanoviĆ¡, G.V., PaniĆ¡, S.R. and MiloeviĆ¡, H., 2015. A reliability-based approach to nonrepairable spare part forecasting in aircraft maintenance system. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015. Lutz, H., Birou, L. and Kannan, V.R., 2014. Analysis of higher educational offerings in operations management. International Journal of Information and Operations Management Education, 5(4), pp.297-310. Need, W.C.D.H.P., 2006. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Poonnawat, W. and Lehmann, P., 2015. A Framework for using Business Intelligence for Learning Decision Making with Business Simulation Games. Salvo, J.J., Mackenzie, P.D., Bennett, J.S., Relyea, H.A. and Thomas, A.M.I., 2002. Inventory management system and method. U.S. Patent 6,341,271. Schroeder, R.G., Goldstein, S.M. and Rungtusanatham, M.J., 2013. Operations management in the supply chain: Decisions and cases. Stevenson, W.J. and Sum, C.C., 2002. Operations management (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Stock, J.R., 1998. Development and implementation of reverse logistics programs. In ANNUAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, COUNCIL OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT.--. Tersine, R.J., 1994. Principles of inventory and materials management. Zara, A.M. and Singhal, S., Hewlett-Packard Development Company, LP, 2006. Method to map an inventory management system to a configuration management system. U.S. Patent 7,013,462.